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Introduction Drawing is the Graphical means of expression of technical details without the barrier of a language. Engineering Drawing is the Universal Language for Engineers Communication in engineering is necessary for effectively transferring one’s ideas to others.  While communicating,  we use our memory to remember objects, sense organs to perceive objects and mind to imagine objects. Our perception are coloured or modified by our past experiences. We see things around us, perceive the objects and identify them by their names. Later, when we hear these names we can remember these items easily and imagine various features like the shape, size, color, functions  etc,. e.g. if I say that a particular object is having the shape of a cricket bat, it is easy for a high school student to imagine the shape of the object since he has seen a cricket bat and has perceived the object. If I say that a particular object looks like the Dendrite formed during solidification of a metal, then it is

What Is a Gear ? † A g ear is a t oo t hed w heel w hi c h is u s ed t o t ran s m it po w er and m o t ion be t w een m a c hine par t s . Ge a rs   are   used   in  m any   ap p li c atio n s   li k e   auto m obi l e   en g ines,       ho u s eh o ld    ap p lia n c e s ,   ind u st ri a l   m achine   t ools. W hen   t w o   gears   of   di f f ere n t   s i z es   are   m e s hed   , t he   larger   is  c alled   “ g ea r ”   w hile  t he   s m aller   is   “ p i n i on ”. †   Gear T ooth T er m i n ol o gy Root Diameter : Diameter of root circle. Pitch Diameter : Diameter of imaginary pitch circle specifying addendum and dedendum  Outside Diameter : Diameter of addendum (outside) circle . Addendum : Radial distance from pitch to top of tooth . Dedendum : Radial distance from pitch to bottom of tooth . Circular Pitch : Distance on pitch circle from a point on one tooth to corresponding point on the adjacent tooth . Tooth Thickness : Thickness of a tooth along

Air is considered an ideal gas such that the following ideal gas relationships can be used in explanation of engine cycles: OTTO CYCLE  The cycle of a four-stroke, SI, naturally aspirated engine at WOT. This is the cycle of most automobile engines and other four-stroke SI engines. For analysis, this cycle is approximated by the air-standard cycle shown in . This ideal air-standard cycle is called an Otto cycle, named after one of the early developers of this type of engine. The intake stroke of the Otto cycle starts with the piston at TDC and is a constant-pressure process at an inlet pressure of one atmosphere (process 6-1 ). This is a good approximation to the inlet process of a real engine at WOT, which will actually be at a pressure slightly less than atmospheric due to pressure losses in the inlet air flow. The temperature of the air during the inlet stroke is increased as the air passes through the hot intake manifold. The temperature at point 1 will generally be on the order of