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D e sign and Manufacturing A machine element, after design, requires t o be manufactured to give it a s hape of a produ c t. Therefore, in addition to standard design practices like, selection of proper material, ensu r ing p r oper strength and dimension to guard against failure, a designer should ha v e knowledge of basic manufacturing aspect s . In this lesson, we will dis c uss briefly about some of the basic manufacturing requirements and processes. First and foremost is assigning proper size to a mac h ine element from manufacturing view point. As for examp l e, a shaft may be designed to diameter of, say, 40 mm. This means, the nominal diameter of the shaft is 40 mm, but the actual s i ze will be slightly different, because it is impossible to manufacture a shaft of exactly 40 mm diameter, no matter what machine is u s ed. In case the machine element is a mating part with another one, then dimen s ions of both th

Introdu c tion Design is essentially a deci s ion - making p r ocess. If we have a p r oblem, we need to design a solution. In other words, to design is to formulate a plan to satis f y a particular need and to create something with a physical reality. Consider for an example, design of a chair. A number of factors need be considered first: (a) The purpo s e for which the chair is to be de s igned s uch as whether it is to be used as an easy chair, an office cha i r or to accompany a dining table. (b) Whether the chair is to be designed for a grown up person or a child. (c) Material for the chair, i ts strength and cost need to be determined. (d) Finally, the aesthetics of the designed chair. Almost everyone is involved in design, in one way or the other, in our daily lives because p r oblems are posed and they need to be solved.  c oncept of machine design Deci s i on making co m es in every stage of de s ign.